POTENTIAL, CHALLENGES, AND STRATEGIES FOR MARINE WAVE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA TO SUPPORT THE 2060 NET-ZERO EMISSION TARGET: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Keywords:
Ocean Wave Energy, WEC, Renewable Energy Policy, Net Zero Emission, RUPTL, IndonesiaAbstract
Indonesia possesses vast renewable energy potential, yet the utilization of ocean wave energy remains minimal compared to solar or hydropower. This study aims to analyze the potential, technological challenges, and formulate strategies for developing ocean wave energy in Indonesia to support the 2060 Net Zero Emission (NZE) target. The method employed is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) combined with qualitative policy analysis of the PLN RUPTL documents and NZE roadmap. The results indicate that the southern coasts of Java, Sumatra, and Nusa Tenggara have an average wave power density of 15–25 kW/m, which is technically feasible for exploitation. However, the commercialization of Wave Energy Converter (WEC) technology in Indonesia is hindered by the high Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) ranging from US$0.30–0.80/kWh, challenging tropical marine environmental conditions (biofouling, corrosion, extreme waves), and the absence of specific regulatory incentives. Comparative studies with the Philippines, Brazil, and India reveal that Indonesia lags behind in three key aspects: regulatory incentives, technology testing facilities, and dedicated research funding allocation. This article recommends acceleration strategies through hybrid system integration (wave-wind-solar), the development of pilot projects in remote areas (3T) for diesel substitution, the formulation of a 2024–2060 marine technology roadmap, and the revision of RUPTL to include at least 500 MW of wave energy in the 2025–2035 portfolio.
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